Keynote Speakers Tom Maver (Opening Keynote) is Research Professor in the Mackintosh School of Architecture at Glasgow School of Art and an Emeritus Professor of the University of Strathclyde. During the 30 years as the Director of the Architecture and Building Aids Computer Unit, Strathclyde (ABACUS), he authored or contributed to 11 books and authored around 150 papers. He was a founding member of eCAADe and CAADFutures and continues to serve on the Councils of both. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Design Research Society and of the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland. Issue 01, Volume 02 of the International Journal of Architectural Computing is a Festschrift celebrating Professor Maver’s contribution to the field. He has received awards for lifetime contributions to the field from BEPAC and from eCAADe (Europe), ACADIA (North America) and SIGRADI (South America). Title: In the Beginning… Personal Perspective on the Origins of Building Performance Simulation Abstract In the mid 1960’s many changes were afoot. In 1965, as a recent graduate from a traditional Mechanical Engineering course – dominated by technical drawing, heat engines, steam tables and use of the slide rule - the idea of change was remote. The emphasis was on analysis – little on synthesis. Then, in an extraordinary synergy, three dramatic and thrilling changes took place: articulation of tentative philosophies and theories relating to the creative human activity of design emergence of primitive yet significant computing technologies, accessible – just – to academics in the physical sciences and engineers recognition of the fact that the post-war speculative, un-tested and whimsical building development was proving disastrous This presentation offers a retrospective of how these changes impacted - profoundly –on the way the building industry, the private and public agencies that commission buildings and those who populate and use them, can contribute, collaboratively, to a more sustainable, and more delightful, built environment. It tries to chart the struggle that pioneers made to deploy the primitive technology, persuade the professions to come on-board, win the resources for research and development – while keeping alive the vision of virtual prototyping. As someone whose career has, fortuitously, been synchronous with these dramatic and thrilling changes, this perspective will be quite personal and will focus on the significant contributions from local initiatives - ABACUS, ESRU, EDAS, SUST and CBE – and their relevance to the international community. The presentation will suggest how these early faltering steps were just that! And that much more confident strides will follow, provided we recognise the paradigm shifts, in education - when students and staff share the pursuit of knowledge, in collaboration between academia and praxis, and in the integration of real and virtual environments and worlds. Bill Bordass (Applications Day) is a scientist who moved into buildings at the multi-skilled design practice RMJM London, where he became Associate in charge of building services, energy and environmental design. He then set up William Bordass Associates, which studies building performance; and assists clients with briefing, project reviews, performance monitoring and troubleshooting of existing, new and historic buildings. He is also research and policy adviser to the Usable Buildings Trust (UBT), which promotes better buildings through understanding how they actually work, how people get things done, and the relationships between users, management and technologies. He has been involved in many post-occupancy surveys, including the published Probe series in 1995-2002. He has recently been working on building energy certification and benchmarking in the EU, UK and the USA. In 2008 he received CIBSE’s first low-carbon pioneer award. Title: Building performance in the age of consequences Abstract Simulation has proved invaluable in helping designers to choose between options. It has not always been quite so good at predicting actual outcomes, particularly for energy use in public and commercial buildings. The problem isn't usually with the physics, but the differences between virtual and practical realities: The meters measure everything, simulations usually don't. Simulators expect buildings to work in accordance with design intent, usually discrepancies arise. Buildings, systems and control strategies are tending to get more complicated, but complication usually gets in the way of good performance. So-called intelligent controls often prove to be stupid, have hidden overheads, and confuse occupiers and management. Until now this credibility gap hasn't mattered much: energy was cheap, few people measured in-use performance, and peak oil and climate change were somewhere over the horizon. Not any more: politicians talk about zero-carbon buildings, assuming that new buildings already perform radically better than older ones. Not necessarily, and often by a big margin. For example, it is not unusual for new "low energy" schools and offices in the UK to use three times as much electricity as the design predictions. In short: The first third is the bit that got counted in the simulation and reported. The second is the bit that may or may not have been known about at the time of design, but didn't get counted. The final third is avoidable waste. And no, this waste is not all down to the occupants. In future, we are going to be held much more responsible for the consequences of our actions. How can we change the process, set stretching but realistic targets, manage expectations from original client and design intent to performance in use, and learn from it all? Joe Clarke (Closing Keynote) is a Personal Professor within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Strathclyde, where he delivers courses relating to Environmental Engineering and pursues his research interests within the Energy Systems Research Unit. His research addresses energy systems performance assessment, with the focus on the built environment and the related means of energy supply, both conventional and renewable. A feature of his research is the development and dissemination of simulation-based design tools that enable engineers, architects and planners to assess the energy, comfort, health and environmental impacts of design solutions at all scales. Details on the outcome of Professor Clarke’s research activities may be viewed at www.esru.strath.ac.uk. He received an IBPSA distinguished service award in 1999 for his work in the field of building simulation. Title: Integrated Building Performance Simulation: Achievements and Requirements Abstract The present drive towards a sustainable built environment raises a number of challenges for practitioners. These relate to the need to reduce energy consumption, integrate low carbon energy sources, and meet increased expectations for human comfort/health and environmental protection. Ensuring acceptable building performance is a task made complex by the presence of interacting technical domains, diverse performance expectations and pervasive uncertainties. Integrated Building Performance Simulation (IBPS) provides a means to accommodate this complexity whilst allowing exploration of the impact of design parameters on solutions that provide the required life cycle performance at acceptable cost. IBPS is an emerging technology, which has the potential to model the heat, air, moisture, light, electricity, pollutant and control signal flows within building/plant systems and, thereby, nurture performance improvement by design. In many regions throughout the world, clean and sustainable energy solutions are being driven by legislation and standards that mandate the IBPS approach as best practice: e.g. the European Performance of Buildings Directive and ASHRAE’s nascent Standard 189, both of which aim to bring about high performance buildings through a holistic approach. This paper reviews the achievements to date of the building performance simulation community in relation to the ultimate goal of providing practitioners with the means to appraise, quickly and accurately, the overall performance of buildings of arbitrary complexity. The shortcomings of the general state-of-the-art when assessed against this goal are used to identify future development priorities and challenges. Observations are then made on the deficiencies of the present approach to tool development and suggestions offered on how IBPSA might act to improve the situation. Applications Day Speakers Ant Wilson gained a BSc(Hons) in Building (Environmental) Engineering from Bath University and went on to join Oscar Faber (now AECOM) in 1979. He leads the Sustainable Development Group promoting low energy/carbon building designs. Ant has worked on a wide range of construction and research projects mainly from an energy performance perspective. He is a BSRIA and CIBSE Council member and on the editorial panel for BSER&T, CIBSE and Sustain magazines. Ant has been very involved with thermal modelling and using computer simulation techniques to help with building services design. Ant is a Chartered Engineer, a Fellow of the Energy Institute and the Society of Façade Engineering and a Member of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers and the Society of Lights and Lighting. Ant is a CIBSE Low Carbon Consultant, received the AECOM 2007 Excellence Award for Thought Leadership, holds a Silver Medal from CIBSE for contributions to the Institution (2007) and was the first ever winner of the ACE engineering ambassadors award in 2008. Plenary Paper Title: The role of simulation in practice - functionality and deficiencies for designers Abstract The presentation will look at over 40 years of computer aided design looking at the progress of thermal analysis of buildings from simple design to the latest simulation models. Designers need software for many different aspects of the process from compliance testing to system selection and energy predictions. The talk will look at data requirements and what we can achieve from the various processes involved. The selection of weather data, fabric material details and building services system performance will be covered. Chip Barnaby, Wrightsoft is Vice President of Research at Wrightsoft. He is involved in software development and also leads Wrightsoft's research efforts, working on three ASHRAE projects relating to building load calculation methods. He has more than 30 years experience in building energy simulation and was a founder of the Berkeley Solar Group where he was the principal developer of the residential simulation models CALPAS3 and CALRES. Mr. Barnaby is active in the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and has been chair of the TC 4.7 (Energy Calculations) and TC 4.2 (Climatic Information). He is currently chair of GPC-20 (XML Definitions for HVAC&R) and is a member of the Steering Committee on Building Information Modeling and Interoperability. He also serves as treasurer and board member of both IBPSA and IBPSA-USA. Mr. Barnaby holds a BA (Engineering and Applied Physics) from Harvard College and an M.Arch from the University of California, Berkeley. Plenary Paper Title: Software Structure and Design Productivity - the need for better tools, why simplified tools won't do, and the conflicts this can bring. Abstract Building simulation tools can radically improve the performance of buildings by allowing exploration of numerous design alternatives. Ideally, automated optimization would quickly yield good design, but given the current state-of-the-art, it remains the job of the designer to drive the process, often using an ad-hoc collection of tools. This talk will examine characteristics of software that impact the agility of the design exploration process, such as the following: Analysis vs. design. Most simulation software is oriented toward analysis (input is description, output is performance). Design software offers more productivity in many situations -- input is performance goals, output is design values (for example, duct sizes or air flow rates). Interoperability vs. integration. Data exchange among applications is rapidly improving, allowing reuse of building model information. However, such interoperability schemes often pass incomplete information (requiring user correction) or are "one-way." In contrast, integrated applications that combine multiple capabilities deliver high productivity within their supported realm, but are useless (obviously) for other tasks. Neither strategy is the final answer. Parameterization vs. multiple models. Maintaining parallel models of alternative designs is conceptually simple but can be impractical for projects of any size. Parameterization allows representation of alternatives within a single model, although at a cost in complexity. Achieving simulation-based design productivity requires software sophistication well beyond capturing the subtleties of building physics. It is worth wondering how much effort should be devoted to development of the oft-sought "simplified tools." Ken McLean, WSP has been a building services engineer for 25 years. A graduate of Glasgow University, chartered engineer, his interest in Data Centres started in the early 90's while working in Paris at a time when water cooled mainframes were in vogue. Since then he has been involved in the design of a wide variety of IT/ data facilities. Although home may be Glasgow, Ken's work takes him all over the UK, Europe and Russia. Ken is a board director of WSP Buildings where his responsibilities include managing a specialist Data Centre team. This team uses a variety of modelling and simulation tools in their work. Plenary Paper Title: The role of simulation in practice - functionality and deficiencies for designers Abstract "The demand today is for high levels of resilience and unprecedented power/ cooling densities. At the same time the industry has just wakened up to the growth in global data centre carbon emissions. Simulation tools allow us to better understand how systems perform and to look for ways to reduce carbon. These are exciting times for engineers!" The presentation will look at the engineering systems that support Data Centres, how simulation tools are used most frequently applied including: IES for general thermal modelling; Future Facilities for 3-D airflows around IT equipment; and Ansys Fluent 12 for micro-climates caused by heat rejection plant. Recently some detailed studies have been undertaken in conjunction with Masters Degree students from University of Strathclyde ESRU, centred around the optimum use of waste heat opportunities from Data Centres. The output from this work gave birth to a different approach now being pioneered in a major new build London Data Centre. Details of this will be highlighted. More recently there has been a need to look at the transient effect of plant failures, particularly cooling, and the impact this has on the IT environment. With high heat output densities, the risk of thermal runaway in a Data Centre is always on the horizon. The University of Strathclyde ESRU was commissioned to carry out some complex TRNSYS modelling with interesting results. The knowledge gained will be presented". Dejan Mumovic, UCL Dr Dejan Mumovic is a Lecturer in Environmental Design and Engineering at The Bartlett, University College London (UCL), and a member of the 'Complex Built Environment Systems' research group which has been acknowledged as "world-leading" by the EPSRC via the award of Platform Funding. Since his arrival at UCL in 2003 he has started collaborating with medical and social scientists and integrating health related issues in contrast to his previously purely engineering based research. This has resulted in more than 60 peer reviewed journal articles, book chapters, conference papers and Government reports. Working on a concept of 'building pathophysiology', he has promoted a new direction in building research in an innovative comprehensive multidisciplinary book: 'A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering - An Integrated Approach to Energy, Health and Operational Performance' which he co-edited and authored. Plenary Paper Title: Building Performance Simulation and Sustainability Abstract This plenary presentation identifies which type of knowledge is needed for the successful delivery of sustainable buildings and what are the consequences for the building performance simulation research community. This includes: knowledge of the relationship between the buildings as a physical and spatial entities and the human, social, economic, institutional and environmental processes it supports knowledge of the processes through which sustainable buildings are designed, delivered and maintained in long term knowledge of 'where the knowledge is' Anna Mavrogianni, a PhD student at the Bartlett, will briefly showcase a sub-model of a GIS-based integrated model for Greater London, which aims to explore the impact of urban built form and the heat island phenomenon on domestic energy consumption and heat-related mortality.